Additionally, onychocytes are flatter and do not desquamate like corneocytes.
In contrast to the stratum corneum, the nail plate has a lower percentage of total fat and water, a more significant percentage of cysteine, and thus, many strong disulfide bonds. The lack of nuclei in keratinocytes results in the transparency of the nail plate. Like the stratum corneum, the nail plate contains keratinocytes with lost nuclei. Histologically, the nail plate resembles a modified stratum corneum. The curvature of the nail plate along both the transverse and longitudinal axes contributes to its strength and allows for a snug fit within the proximal nail fold (PNF) and lateral nail folds (LNFs).
It is a rigid, keratinized structure composed of around 196 rows of compact, well-differentiated keratinocytes called onychocytes. This section explains the anatomy of the nail unit and histologic findings of each region. The nail unit includes the nail plate and supporting structures. A nail biopsy may be warranted to provide a definitive diagnosis, and understanding the macroscopic and microscopic nail histology is an essential aid to the clinicopathological diagnosis of nail diseases. Nail abnormalities can result from local nail pathology or manifest underlying systemic disease. Like hair, nails are ectodermal appendages whose histology shares similarities and differences with the skin. They protect the distal dorsal area of digits and participate in multiple functions, including grip, fine motor movements, and scratching. In most primates, nails are unique features consisting of compact, translucent, keratinized cells.
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